How to buy a house in Spain?

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This section contains valuable and practical information about buying property in Spain. The articles are carefully prepared by our employees – experts in specific fields. The knowledge gathered here will allow you to make decisions easier, estimate costs and plan the next steps. You can read here, among others about: taxes, legal aspects, home maintenance costs and other important issues regarding living in Spain. If you still can’t find the answer to your questions here, we are always at your disposal.

PURCHASE STEP BY STEP IN SPAIN

The purchase of real estate in Spain does not differ much from Polish procedures in such cases. Of course, some issues should take into account local conditions and market specificities.
Documents needed to buy property in Spain:

Spanish tax identification number NO * (numero de identificacion de estranjero). You do not need to apply for it immediately after starting cooperation with us. Only when you decide to buy and book a specific property will we submit documents to obtain this number. A separate article provides information on this procedure.
Confirmation of opening an account with a Spanish bank
Passport or ID card
Copy of passport or ID card

Purchase of real estate on the secondary market

It all starts with the signing of the initial contract (purchase and sale contract in Spanish). This contract guarantees the reservation of the object. Of course, before signing you also receive from us the Polish version of this contract.
The advance payment when signing the introductory speech is usually between 3000 and 6000 euros.
The initial contract specifies the date of the notarial deed and the account to which the deposit will be paid – 10% of the property value. Payment of the deposit is usually made only if the date of the meeting with the notary is more than a month from the date of booking.
The next step is to sign the notarial deed. Then the remaining part of the sales value is paid. The notarial deed is signed in Spanish. A translator is ordered for the client’s needs. Your lawyer may also be present. All names of persons present at the signing of the notarial deed are included in the contract.

Purchase of new real estate on the market from a construction company

And this time it all starts with the signing of the initial contract (purchase and sale) between the client and the construction company.
When signing the contract, an advance of 3000 to 6000 euros is paid. It guarantees the reservation of the object.
The initial agreement specifies the date of payment of own contribution (30-40%) to the account of the development company.
The date of the visit to the notary to sign the notarial deed depends on the date of implementation of the investment and the collection of keys.
Any loan is activated when the keys are collected and the notarial deed is signed. Money for the purchase of real estate does not have to be transferred from a Polish bank, it can come from other world banks.

Both in the case of buying an apartment on the secondary market, as well as from the developer, if the transaction is not the fault of the buyer, the down payment will be retained by the seller. If the fault lies with the seller, he will have to pay back the double value of the deposit (unless the contract provides otherwise). The property purchase agreement is drawn up in the form of a notarial deed, otherwise it is null and void.
Purchase of real estate in Spain for a legal person, company, cooperative, foundation

If you want to buy real estate for a legal entity, additional documents will be required. Their list will depend on the form of business activity. Each time we provide you with a list of documents tailored to the specific case.
Terms of buying a property on credit

The great advantage for Polish investors is the favorable mortgage offer offered by Spanish banks.

a mortgage re-issue in Spain can be obtained up to 70% of the property value (depending on the bank’s decision)
Mortgage rates in Spain vary depending on the bank and are also negotiable (we can help you with it). The interest rate ranges from 3.5% to 3.8% per annum.
The loan can be spread over a period of up to 30 years, up to a maximum of 75 years.

To get a loan to buy a property in Spain, you must meet the relevant conditions. The necessary documents from Polish citizens working in Poland or conducting activity are:

certificate from the bank about having an account – bank opinion (translated into Spanish);
list of income earned for the previous year or for the current year – balance sheet (translated into Spanish – e.g. tax return from the Tax Office);
current earnings certificate (in the case of work) (translated into Spanish);
photocopy of passport;
extract from BiK;
N.I.E.

For Polish citizens working or operating in GB, Ireland:

account statement from the last 3 months;
Payslips from the last 3 withdrawals;
Tax Return or P60;
number N.I.E .;
Credit Report – Equifax or Experian (GB) or ICB (Ireland).

Carisma will honestly and professionally guide you through the entire process of obtaining a mortgage for your dream home in Spain. Thanks to our long-term and good contacts with local banks, the majority of mortgage loan applications that we negotiate and implement are successful.

Author: properties for sale in Costa Blanca

Feeling Down? Use These Tips To Develop A Fitness Regimen

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Whether you’re just starting out with a fitness routine or you are an experienced athlete, you can always benefit from increasing your knowledge about fitness. Gaining an understanding of the body’s functions and the best methods of building greater fitness is invaluable. If you follow this advice you will be able to tell the difference.

If you are going to be doing serious weight training, it is crucial to have a spotter on hand. As you are lifting, your body is going to get tired. Lifting without a spotter leaves you open to the danger of being unable to lift your weights off of your chest, or even more dangerously, having them fall down on you if your arms give out – waist trainers

Lifting weights is not all about the number of pounds you can put up. It is not even about how many repetitions you can do. The most important part of any weight training is to focus on the quality of each repetition. When you are putting the weight up, do so slowly, making sure you can feel the muscle contract, then bring it back down in a slow and controlled manner. This will ensure you get the most out of each repetition.

Drink water before, during and after your workout. Water is the single most important substance for human beings and is required by every cell in your body. It’s crucial to stay hydrated. Not only that, but during a workout, your cells can create a lot of waste products. Water helps flush those toxins from your system.

Remember that your fitness needs change as you age, especially regarding flexibility. When you reach middle age, you need to devote even more time to stretching before and after your workout. This helps keep your muscles pliable and prevents cramping after workouts as well as helping reduce the risk of injury.

Invest in a good pedometer to track the steps you are taking. A healthy goal per day is to get in 10,000 steps per day every day. Purchasing a pedometer will let you keep track of how you are doing and motivate you to make those changes to get more in. Treat it like a game and see if you can beat your best.

If you find it hard to make time during your busy schedule to go to the gym don’t worry, there are ways you can still work out. You can get up 30 minutes earlier each morning and jog, or do push ups and sit ups. If you are serious about getting fit then you will make the time to accomplish your goals.

Your workouts will be even more effective if you learn to control your breathing. When you are working out your abdominal area with sit-ups or crunches, try to breathe out with force when your shoulders reach the highest point from the floor. Deep exhaling causes the muscles in your abdominals to work harder than normal because they are constantly contracting.

If you have a finger or two that always seems to get jammed during sports or training, try taping them. All you do is tape them to a neighboring finger as a bit of added support. This added strength will be less likely to cause those fingers to bend at strange angles.

Make sure that the shoes you wear for your workout actually fit well. Shoes with a proper fit will help to prevent injury and fatigue, as well as ward off nasty blisters. You should be able to comfortably wiggle your toes, but not shift your foot back and forth inside the shoe.

Always use the proper form when lifting weights to strengthen your biceps. It’s easy to strain your arm muscles quite badly with poor form. The right way to lift weights is to put out your wrists, angle them slightly backward, and hold that pose. Try to let your wrist go back to normal. This way, the muscles will develop correctly.

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Regardless of your current condition, it is possible to achieve real results if your exercise regimen is adjusted pursuant to the guidance above. By taking the time to educate yourself, you’ll be able to get the most out of each and every workout. Keep in mind the tips you learned, and you will see a difference in no time at all.

Amsterdam: Streets and districts that will delight you

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Going on a short trip to Amsterdam? Our list of several streets and neighborhoods will help you decide which places to visit in the Dutch capital.

Amsterdam is at the same time everything you expected and a total surprise. Visit our favorite streets and neighborhoods to see the best that the city has to offer. All places were selected from the Amsterdam guide, momondo places (currently available in English)

De Westelijke Eilanden

“Islands”, located in the western part of the canals and nowadays connected, have the atmosphere of an archipelago. Prinseneiland, Realeneiland and Bickerseiland create an extraordinary oasis that will steal everyone’s heart. Although they are separated from busy Haarlemmerdijk only by tracks, you will feel like you are in a remote village at the end of the world.

Since you are here, be sure to drop by the cozy cafe ‘t Blaauwhooft, the popular local bar next door. The whole area is crossed by canals, which makes it a fairy-tale place for ice skating in winter. A lot of “islanders” live on boats, the others occupy amazing 16th-century warehouses, formerly used as tobacco and wine warehouses. Take a walk and let the magic take over.

Where: De Westelijke Eilanden
Nearest station: Haarlemmerplein

De wallen

You’ve probably heard about this place more than once – the red light district is one of the most famous parts of Amsterdam. The 14th-century labyrinth of alleys and canals has been providing adults with entertainment since the days when sailors wandered the narrow streets. The entire district is lit up by countless, red lit ‘peeskamers’ – rooms with prostitutes posing in the windows.

If it sounds weird and profaned – that’s how it is. But it’s totally safe here, and traditional pubs are worth visiting. Since the entry of Project 1012 – the city’s initiative to organize and promote this area – Wallen proudly presents its participation in the latest initiatives. Look for galleries, studios and exhibitions in the excellent Oude Kerk (Old Church) and fashionable cafes like Quartier Putain and Mata Hari.

Where: De Wallen
Nearest station: Dam

De dam

Dam will probably be the first thing you’ll see when you arrive in the city. The square was originally a real dam on the Amstel River, and the main thoroughfares – rather unattractive streets of Rokin and Damrak – part of the river that flows towards Lake IJ. The Memorial to National Remembrance, erected in honor of the victims of World War II, became a hippie center in the colorful seventies – children were not disturbed by the strange shape of the flowers.

Every year, on May 4, National Remembrance Day is celebrated. You will also find the Royal Palace, Nieuwe Kerk, Madame Tussauds wax office and an incredible amount of hungry pigeons and live statues. Take a walk along the narrow “avenue of the theater”, which is actually called Nes, and enjoy the energy of this area.

Where: De Dam
Nearest station: Dam

De Nieuwmarkt

Charisma? The centrally located Nieuwmarkt square easily overshadows the Dam. The historical heart of the city beats in its center at Waag, which is one of the oldest, non-religious buildings in the city. By the way – criminals were executed here.

At the Saturday market, traders will feed you with organic cheese, and cozy pubs will invite you for a lazy afternoon with a beer. In addition, you’ll find pubs serving the best curries in town next to fish shops. And on New Year’s Eve the whole sky will light up with fireworks. This is also where the annual Aprilfeesten takes place, changing the square and surrounding area into a week-long music market. This is real Amsterdam!

Where: De Nieuwmarkt
Nearest station: Nieuwmarkt

De Nieuwe Hoogstraat

De Nieuwe Hoogstraat perfectly summarizes the entire historical city center. This short shopping street, leading from Damstraat to the romantic Zuiderkerkhof located at the back of the Nieuwmarkt, instantly reveals all Amsterdam’s banalities as well as all the elegance of the city.

It’s really hard to miss her. It is located in the oldest and one of the busiest parts of the city, where cycling and madness reign supreme. You will find headshops (tobacco accessories stores) with incense floating in the air, shoe stores with clogs at exhibitions, wooden toys, art books, city sneakers, and even a store specializing in kites. An express dose of Amsterdam’s versatility.

Where: De Nieuwe Hoogstraat
Nearest station: Nieuwmarkt

What happens in the body when we stop smoking?

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We smoke less and less, but still too much. Meanwhile, tobacco is a disastrous habit that leads to lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, causes atherosclerosis or stroke. No wonder that more and more Poles decide to quit cigarettes, in 2011 without a cigarette of the day could not imagine 31 percent. of us, in 2015 – only 25 percent The effects of withdrawal can be seen after a few minutes, when the pulse begins to normalize and the pressure slowly returns to normal. What else happens in the body when we decide to stop nicotine? Cheap snus

Quitting smoking is an invitation to the body to regenerate. Specialists from the American Cancer Society speak in this tone, but not only. Polish doctors, dentists, psychologists and dietitians also recommend parting with addiction. They all unanimously point to the consequences of smoking: a higher risk of heart disease and lung cancer, where on average 20 thousand die annually. Poles. Awareness of danger is also increased by numerous social campaigns.

But quitting smoking should not be only dictated by fear. Specialists from ACS argue that quitting is simply profitable for health. Before doing so, you need to focus on the consequences of parting with your cigarette. Here are a few of them.

The heart is the most important muscle in the human body. Quitting smoking is salutary for him because nicotine and other substances contained in nicotine smoke put a heavy load on both his work and the coronary vessels.

Meanwhile, after 20 minutes without a cigarette, the pulse begins to return to normal. Immediately afterwards, the heart rate stabilizes, and arterial pressure – calms down and returns to the standard level, i.e. around 90/120. All this leads to the elimination of the risk of future heart disease and the entire vascular system.

How to prevent lung cancer? Put down cigarettes. The lungs have an unusual tendency to recover quickly. Already 8 hours after quitting the habit, the blood oxygen level returns to normal. After 3 days, the bronchi relax and we begin to breathe completely. It takes a week or two to normalize the lungs and restore proper air circulation. You may have a cough during this time but it is a positive symptom. It means cleansing the lungs of substances deadly for them. Pulmonary cilia lead to coughing, which – not loaded with tar – begin to work. Lung regeneration usually lasts 2-3 months.

Why are cigarettes so addictive? When we look at smoking as a relaxation activity, leading to the feeling of pleasure, we come to the conclusion that it promotes the release of opioids, including endorphins. These hormones are responsible for bliss. They are also secreted e.g. during orgasm.

Unfortunately, when we decide to quit nicotine, the brain will quickly notice the lack of pleasure provided to it and will start calling for it, it happens that this “call” will appear from 2 to 12 hours after stopping. So there will be: nervousness, irritability, mood swings and a huge need to reach for a cigarette. These feelings will disappear as soon as nicotine is completely released from the body and hormone levels return to normal.

The substances contained in nicotine smoke, including tar, ammonia, lead, cadmium, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide have not only poisonous properties. They stop the natural circulation of blood and contribute to breaking the skin’s structure. Although these changes are impossible to undo, they can be leveled after discontinuation. All you need is a good cream. But quitting the addiction increases the blood supply to the skin, which can help moisturize it. In turn, the bruises under the eyes will disappear as a result of better and calmer sleep.

Smoking cigarettes gives the teeth a characteristic yellow color, and the mouth – an unpleasant smell. You will get rid of them by quitting smoking. What’s more – parting with addiction reduces the risk of tooth decay. This is because the mouth is no longer in contact with cigarette smoke, which increases the risk of bacterial infection.

Windows for offices and public buildings

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Although PVC windows are sometimes chosen for office and industrial facilities, aluminum windows are definitely the leader. This is the most popular type of building in the case of this large buildings and the most optimal solution for them – ordered comprehensively, because aluminum constructions are often also based on interior walls.

Aluminum windows perfectly emphasize the industrial architecture of large facilities fulfilling public functions. They can be used to construct original facade walls and skylight solutions. Large glazing surfaces provide sunlight, which translates into lower electricity bills in the building. This is not the only advantage of aluminum constructions. With aluminum windows, all types of reflexes, light breakers and aluminum external blinds blend in perfectly.

Aluminum windows can come in various forms. They can be turn, tilt, tilt and slide, tilt and turn, structural or permanent. Depending on the type of profile, they can have standard or increased thermal insulation. In Ekoplast Kraków offer you will find windows, doors, various types of partitions, facades and skylights in a fireproof version. These constructions meet stringent fire protection standards.

We also offer aluminum internal partitions that perform the function of partition walls in buildings. They can be adapted to the preferences and individual needs related to the specificity and purpose of the building. This type of partition can take any form: fixed walls, with windows, doors. They do not need to be equipped with additional thermal insulation, which allows you to optimize the investment budget. As part of aluminum systems, it is also possible to make swing doors and even connect walls at any angle.

What is warm installation?

If you build a house and decide on passive solutions, we assume that the topic of energy-saving windows is not strange to you. We’ll tell you how you can ensure an even better microclimate in the rooms in your home and how to reduce energy losses to an absolute minimum.

Energy-saving windows are an investment that returns in the form of lower heating bills. When deciding on this type of solution, it is worth choosing a reputable window manufacturer and order a service with professional installation, because improperly installed windows may lose their functionality. If you care about the highest class solutions, ask the seller about the so-called “Warm installation” and everything will be explained to you. However, it is worth having a basis for conversation to know what to ask – UPVC Windows Costs.

Warm assembly, also called layered assembly, is a technique that is gaining more and more popularity in Poland. It is widely used and works perfectly even with our German neighbors. The standard installation is in short the installation of windows with foam and silicone. Warm installation is based on sealing places where windows are installed. This is a three-layer assembly, in which three layers of thermal insulation materials are used, forming together the outer, inner and middle layers. Its basic principle is “tighter from the inside than outside”. The protective coat created in this way for the thermal insulation layer prevents moisture or water vapor from penetrating, what’s more – it allows it to be drained from inside to outside the building.

Embedding windows by means of a warm installation method provides excellent insulation, both thermal and acoustic. This installation prevents the formation of thermal bridges, protects the house from moisture, which has a positive effect on the microclimate. It minimizes heat loss, so it will definitely reduce your heating bills in autumn and winter. We must be aware that warm installation is not possible in every building. This solution is intended for passive and emerging buildings. Requires a two- or three-layer wall structure.

What does the proper preparation of the jamb look like before starting the assembly? Its surface should be perfectly smooth and clean – you need to get rid of all debris, dust, moving parts. All this in order to securely and permanently attach the straps to its surface. The spacing and number of anchors used is very important (too few anchors are one of the errors that can contribute to the formation of thermal bridges and moisture, which can result in the development of fungi and mold).

Because warm installation requires the appropriate selection of high quality materials and special skills, it is very important that it is carried out by a professional team. To learn more about the installation of PVC windows and arrange a measurement, we invite you to our showrooms in London.

Drinking youth – psychopathological disorders

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Treatment programs for adolescents with alcohol related disorders should be targeted not only at eliminating alcohol consumption and the use of other psychoactive substances, but also at improving other mental disorders.

Among adolescents with disorders related to alcohol drinking (e.g. alcohol abuse or addiction), frequent co-occurrence of psychopathological symptoms (i.e. mental disorders other than disorders related to drinking alcohol and using other psychoactive substances) is observed. Commonly occurring co-morbidities include social disturbances (e.g., antisocial disorders) and those that cause deep depression or aggravate anxiety (i.e., negative mood disorders) (Bukstein et al., 1989; Clark and Neighbors, 1996). One study found that more than 80% of juvenile addicts or alcohol abusers also have other mental disorders (Rohde et al., 1996). In the group of adolescents with alcohol addiction undergoing drug treatment, 89% were also found to have either behavioral disorders (i.e. antisocial disorders characterized by aggression, property damage, fraud or theft, and non-compliance with applicable rules of behavior), or the so-called major depression (i.e. negative mood disorder characterized by major depressive episodes) or both together (Clark et al., 1997). Understanding the impact of co-morbidities on the occurrence and course of alcohol-related disorders can contribute to the improvement of preventive and curative measures for adolescents with alcohol-related problems.

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The occurrence of alcohol-related disorders in adolescence may be an important indicator of other problems. Clark et al. (1998c) found that compared to adult men who developed disorders related to the use of psychoactive substances (including alcohol), adolescents with these disorders and adult men who developed these disorders during adolescence were characterized by more frequent the occurrence of destructive behavior disorders and major depression, as well as a faster transition from the beginning of use to addiction to a given substance.

Antisocial Disorders. definitions
Antisocial disorders include behavioral disorders, oppositional defiant disorders and anti-social personality. Developed by the American Psychiatric Association, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) defines behavior disorders, which are the most common form of mental disorders in adolescents with alcohol-related disorders as a pattern of behavior violating basic the rights of other people or those who do not respect the social principles fundamental to the age group. Behaviors that may indicate the occurrence of these disorders fall into four categories: (1) aggression against humans and animals, (2) property damage, (3) fraud or theft, and (4) significant violations of applicable rules. Severe behavioral disorders are often preceded by opposition-rebellious disorders (Loeber et al., 1993). DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for oppositional defiant disorder include less severe anti-social behavior than disorder behavior, such as quarrels, loss of self-control, violation of applicable rules, and outrageous anger or vengeance (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) . DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for anti-social personality, common among adults with alcohol-related disorders, require the onset of behavioral disorders before the age of 15, as well as repeated demonstration of anti-social characteristics in adulthood (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

Disorders and drinking alcohol

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Behavioral disorders repeatedly precede and predict alcohol drinking or related disorders (Clark et al., 1998b; Lynskey and Fergusson, 1995) and may actually contribute to alcohol-related problems. These disorders may also play a role in the relationship between ADHD and alcohol related disorders. Adolescents with behavioral disorders are more likely to engage in uncontrolled impulsive behavior (i.e., they have impaired behavioral control), as well as more often seek new experiences (i.e., they have an increased need for new sensations). As a result, they can start drinking at a younger age, which increases their risk of alcohol-related problems (Lewis and Bucholz, 1991).

On the other hand, alcohol-related disorders can also promote anti-social behavior, contributing to oppositional and rebellious disorders and behavioral disorders. Drinking alcohol, for example, can contribute to impairing the ability to make proper judgments and seeking the company of peers who conflict with the law, and both of these may exacerbate anti-social behavior.

The third theory of the relationship between behavioral disorders and alcohol-related disorders implies that both categories of disorders have common risk factors (see figure). According to this explanation, known as the theory of problem behavior, both the occurrence of anti-social behavior and the early start of drinking alcohol can be attributed to a combination of environmental factors, such as family situation, socioeconomic status and parental influences, and individual characteristics that increase the vulnerability of adolescents problems. In this concept, drinking alcohol is one of many behavioral deviations caused by common risk factors, such as insufficient parental support and supervision, joining a non-compliant peer group, and poor academic performance. These common risk factors can affect the severity and effects of alcohol-related disorders and concurrent social abnormalities in an independent or synergistic manner. The results of several long-term studies conducted among adolescents and young adults support the theory of problem behaviors (Donovan and Jessor, 1985).

Treatment
Juveniles with alcohol related disorders who have behavioral problems are more difficult to treat than those who have no behavioral problems. The presence of these disorders makes it possible to predict a greater risk of alcohol consumption after treatment and the possibility of antisocial personality (Brown et al., 1996; Meyers et al., 1995). Some strategies for treating adolescents with both types of disorder have been associated with therapeutic strategies aimed at changing behavior. These strategies include family interventions, programs to control behavior in a variety of situations (using incentives in the form of material rewards or special privileges, and social reinforcements to encourage proper behavior), as well as social skills training (Bukstein, 1995).

Adolescents with severe behavioral problems and serious alcohol-related problems usually require more intensive treatment strategies. Multi-system therapy proved to be effective in such situations, developed by Henggeler et al. (1998). This therapy is based on an intensive, multidimensional approach to numerous problems and risk factors, combining interventions at the level of family, peer group, school and local community with individual treatment. Therapeutic sessions are conducted at home, at times corresponding to household members, which results in fewer missed appointments and greater family participation in the treatment process (Henggeler et al., 1996).

Using strategies developed on the basis of eclectic theoretical assumptions, family interventions are shaped to strengthen the effectiveness of parental care and family cohesion. Parents are advised to look more closely at their child’s peer contact and use incentives to improve their academic performance. Individual interventions towards adolescents focused on skill training and behavior change (Santos et al., 1995). Multi-system therapy has been evaluated in controlled studies that have demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing anti-social behavior, reducing the number of stops associated with psychoactive substances, and reducing the level of ingestion of these substances (Henggeler et al., 1998).

In addition to therapeutic approaches focused on behavioral change, treatment of adolescents with drinking and behavioral disorders may also include the use of pharmacological agents. Adolescents with behavioral disorders often show impulsiveness, aggression or anxiety, and all these conditions can be alleviated with medication. In fact, the frequent comorbidity of behavioral disorders with a hyperkinetic disorder (i.e., ADHD) may indicate that adolescents with behavioral disorders will be successful in treating ADHD. Psychostimulants such as methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine can work effectively (Klein et al., 1997), but their use to treat behavioral disorders is controversial due to the risk of abuse or illegal resale of these drugs. The use of pharmacological treatment in adolescents with behavioral disorders has not yet been the subject of comprehensive research. Research is needed to determine which juvenile groups may benefit most from drug treatment.

Plastic windows – types, prices, reviews, comparison to wooden and aluminum

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Apart from wooden and aluminum windows, plastic windows are one of the three most important types of window joinery available for sale. PVC windows enjoy very good technical and insulation parameters. They are very often chosen both in single-family houses, apartment blocks, as well as in commercial buildings. PVC windows are characterized by a relatively low price and various possibilities of their application. Although we may associate them with their characteristic white color, manufacturers of plastic windows offer various interesting fittings and colors. This gives a lot of arrangement possibilities, but also increases the cost of plastic windows. Thanks to the choice of colors for plastic windows, they can look like wooden or aluminum windows – Upvc windows cost

If you are planning a renovation or interior finishing, use the Search for Contractor service, available on the page Building Calculators. After completing the short form you will gain access to the best offers.

PVC windows are characterized by excellent technical and insulation parameters. Plastic windows are resistant to adverse weather conditions, as well as to various chemical substances. Such windows are also characterized by high resistance to mechanical factors and the passage of time. The most important parameters of plastic windows are very high tightness. In this respect, they far outweigh wooden windows as well as aluminum windows. Due to the high tightness of the PVC windows, it may be necessary to install special diffusers to ensure proper air circulation. Compared to wooden and aluminum windows, plastic windows do not require any special maintenance.

When buying plastic windows, we must remember about several important parameters. The insulation mentioned above is one of the most important. It is important to pay attention to the construction of the window profiles themselves, as the number of chambers in the window frame has the greatest impact on the insulation and tightness of PVC windows. Plastic window profiles in older models have three chambers in the frame profile, while the latest models can have five, six, seven or even eight chambers in the profile. Another important aspect of windows is the number of glass panes and, consequently, the shaft chambers, i.e. the space between the glass panes, which is often filled with inert gas, e.g. argon. If you are looking for more information, check out this article about PVC windows as well.

Another very important parameter in plastic windows is the class of their profiles. The highest class of PVC window profiles is marked A. Plastic windows with profiles in class A are characterized by the largest thickness of the outer walls and the largest width of the inner chambers. PVC windows in this class have the best insulation parameters.

The use of special gaskets in their profiles also has a great impact on the high insulation performance of the windows. In addition to thermal insulation properties, they have a positive effect on noise suppression and water ingress into these profiles. In PVC windows, EPDM gaskets are most commonly used, i.e. made of rubber or TPE, which is a mixture of EPDM rubber and PVC plastic. In plastic windows, resistance and glass gaskets are used. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the gasket has a greater thickness, the better the PVC window can achieve better performance. An additional gasket is often used in plastic windows. They give the possibility of additional thermal and sound insulation. Also check out the articles on windows and doors collected here.

PVC windows have good insulation properties, which ensure properly designed profiles of these windows and the use of gaskets in these profiles. In addition, appropriate glazing can improve the thermal and sound insulation of plastic windows. There are glazing units on the market with various properties and the number of panes and chambers. In plastic windows you can use, among others, glazing and increased sound insulation, anti-burglary glass, tinted glass and many others.

Author: double glazing

Are e-cigarettes healthy?

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E-cigarettes have entered the market as a healthier alternative to standard smoking. However, specialists are divided. The Polish Ministry of Health informs that there is no clear scientific data on health effects with long-term use of these chemicals, but they can be just as harmful as regular cigarettes. Professionals from the United Kingdom have a more favorable opinion in this respect, where e-cigarettes are treated as a healthier substitute for cigarettes and help in successfully quitting addiction. Who to believe We will address the topic in today’s article.

E-cigarettes popular with young people

E-cigarettes, considered harmful and addictive in Poland, are very popular among young, often even underage people. The Ministry of Health estimates that over the past seven years, the percentage of teenagers between 15 and 19 years old who have ever used electronic cigarettes has increased by over 45%. In turn, the number of young people who smoke regularly has increased by 24%. The Ministry also draws attention to smokers who, using regular cigarettes, also smoke electronic ones. Their percentage increased by 18%.

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Harm of e-cigarettes

Smoking is harmful no matter how we supply nicotine to the body, so we should not treat e-cigarettes as a lesser evil. Although they do not produce suffocating smoke, they should also not be smoked in public places, which e-smokers, unfortunately, forget about.

Poland, bound by the provisions of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, promotes smoking cessation, whether in the form of ordinary or electronic cigarettes. It also undertakes to protect non-smokers and young people.

According to the latest information, in 2018 e-cigarette liquids, like other tobacco products, will be taxed with excise duties, and their prices will rise significantly.

E-cigarettes have entered the market as a healthier alternative to standard smoking. However, specialists are divided. The Polish Ministry of Health informs that there is no clear scientific data on health effects with long-term use of these chemicals, but they can be just as harmful as regular cigarettes. Professionals from the United Kingdom have a more favorable opinion in this respect, where e-cigarettes are treated as a healthier substitute for cigarettes and help in successfully quitting addiction. Who to believe We will address the topic in today’s article.

E-cigarettes popular with young people
Harm of e-cigarettes
Smoking e-cigarettes – conflicting positions
Popular drugs to quit smoking – maybe it’s worth it?

E-cigarettes popular with young people

E-cigarettes, considered harmful and addictive in Poland, are very popular among young, often even underage people. The Ministry of Health estimates that over the past seven years, the percentage of teenagers between 15 and 19 years old who have ever used electronic cigarettes has increased by over 45%. In turn, the number of young people who smoke regularly has increased by 24%. The Ministry also draws attention to smokers who, using regular cigarettes, also smoke electronic ones. Their percentage increased by 18%.

Harm of e-cigarettes
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Smoking is harmful no matter how we supply nicotine to the body, so we should not treat e-cigarettes as a lesser evil. Although they do not produce suffocating smoke, they should also not be smoked in public places, which e-smokers, unfortunately, forget about.

Poland, bound by the provisions of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, promotes smoking cessation, whether in the form of ordinary or electronic cigarettes. It also undertakes to protect non-smokers and young people.

According to the latest information, in 2018 e-cigarette liquids, like other tobacco products, will be taxed with excise duties, and their prices will rise significantly.

The views of doctors and specialists are different. Smokers themselves are also confused. Although some are aware of the harmfulness of e-cigarettes, there are also those who have no idea about it or are completely not interested in this topic. The media, however, do not make things easier for them – they once inform you that e-cigarettes are unhealthy, in a moment to give them peans.

Alcohol and stress

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Sense of coherence and drinking habits and attitudes related to alcohol under stress of the first year of study.

Every new situation in human life is associated with uncertainty. It calls for the need to meet the requirements it sets. Often, the consequence of the feeling of uncertainty is the tension resulting from the inability to find ready-made patterns of behavior in a given situation. The extent to which a person can adequately cope with the requirements of the situation will depend on the pathological, neutral or health-promoting effect.

A young person starting studies, especially a visitor, faces a completely new qualitative and quantitative situation. Deprived of existing sources of support, in the face of the inefficiency of old adaptation mechanisms, it is forced to meet it. Referring to Lazarus’ stress theory (after Koft, 1973), adapting to new realities can be directed towards emotions or solving a problem. The age of people starting their studies and the number and quality of life changes that this period brings with them allow us to suppose that active coping with the problem may be preceded by action aimed at discharging emotions. Alcohol may be a factor that facilitates and facilitates this discharge, especially since it is easily available and socially sanctioned. Positive expectations as to the effects of his actions in a tension situation can strengthen this way of coping.

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Therefore, research has emphasized attitudes and expectations related to alcohol. It was assumed that the lower the tolerance to stress, the worse the young person will cope with the requirements posed by the first year of study and will assign more importance to drinking alcohol in general and his own drinking habits. Such a person in stressful situations will expect alcohol to improve their mood, well-being and behavior (direct effects of drinking). He will also believe that drinking is a symbol of resistance, masculinity and belonging to a group (symbolic effects of drinking).

addiction photo
The multi-axis model of the fight against Hobfoll (after Malon, Mioduchowska, 1997) allows to predict how a person will cope in difficult situations, being aware of functioning in a specific social environment. This prediction is based on three premises, i.e. many tensions are the result of interpersonal relationships, coping with stress requires cooperation with others, and every social effort made by man has its potential consequences. Based on this theory, it can be concluded that young people, for whom alcohol is one of the ways to cope, will reveal more anti-social behavior (e.g. avoiding danger or cautious behavior) compared to a non-drinking group with more prosocial behavior in their repertoire. (e.g. seeking social support).

Another factor that needs to be considered when analyzing the causes of drinking as a form of dealing with situational requirements is the assessment of one’s own losses and profits. The balance of own resources results, among others, from the coping mechanisms used and the attitude towards alcohol. According to the theory of resource conservation of Hobfoll (1998), people more sensitive to loads will be more susceptible to loss of resources and will have less of them. The consequence of this will be an escalation of the spiral of losses, which may have a secondary impact on ways of coping with stress and attitudes towards alcohol (people less resistant to stress who cope with drinking alcohol will be more susceptible to loss and will adversely assess their own balance of resources).

The clamp that links the above elements (attitudes, coping methods and balance), and at the same time the prism through which we look at the world is a sense of coherence (Antonovsky, 1995). Treating the world as predictable, understandable and meaningful, we determine the scope and ways of acting in it. The same also applies to self-perception. It performs a particularly important function in difficult situations, where information deficiency and chaos, tension and uncertainty as to the effects of one’s own actions, effectively counteract or at least impede the adaptation to them. It also influences alcohol-related expectations and attitudes and the way of balancing one’s own life experiences – addiction recovery in South Africa

Information on the impact of the sense of coherence on coping with stress of the first year of study, perception of own resources and immune deficits and attitudes related to alcohol are important in that they can be helpful in constructing integration classes for people starting studies. This information may also be useful to the lecturers, as improper adaptation to the requirements and burdens associated with it, significantly contribute to school failures in the first year of study.

To sum up, there are grounds to suppose that depending on the level of sense of coherence attitudes, beliefs and expectations related to alcohol, as well as the balance of resources and ways of coping will change. This relationship is important especially for young people, whose view of the world is subject to constant development and transformation. It can be illustrated by the diagram below.

THEORY AND REALITY
addiction photoOwn research largely confirmed the initial assumptions. The study involved 65 people (50 girls and 15 boys), first-year students, aged 19-21, residents of student housing in Krakow. It was carried out (which may also be the cause of disproportion of groups) just before the summer session,

according to the assumption that it will be a stress factor that will activate adaptation mechanisms developed throughout the year. The following questionnaires were used as research tools: Antonovsky’s Life Orientation Questionnaire (SOC 29), Stress Management Strategy Questionnaire (SACS g) and Hobfoll’s General Resource Assessment Questionnaire, and the Lammers and Wiers Alcohol Drinking habits and Expectations Questionnaire. The subjects were divided and assigned (based on the results of the questionnaires) to two groups: people with low and high sense of coherence.

In general, it can be said that there are differences between the above groups in terms of expectations about alcohol, coping methods and balance of resources. It was found that people with a strong sense of coherence do not expect that by drinking with others they strengthen their belonging to the group, or facilitate social contacts in this way. They also do not expect that drinking will be better and higher rated by others, they will become more attractive. They do not present beliefs that alcohol gives a sense of masculinity and strength. In a stressful situation, they are able to realistically assess the threat and from the wide range of remedies available to them choose those that are most appropriate for the situation. Their action is therefore flexible, which is why they treat stressors in the category of challenges. Balancing life experiences is focused on emphasizing profits, not losses. This is because such people perceive the world as coherent and thus accumulate generalized immune resources. They are launched in an emergency and used to find the most appropriate solution to the problem.

The situation is different with people who perceive the environment and events occurring in it as incoherent, senseless and incomprehensible (weak sense of coherence). Alcohol can be a means for them that facilitates social contacts or even enables them. The relaxing effect of alcohol is particularly important in this respect. In new situations that require adaptation, making friends can be particularly difficult for such people. Therefore, they probably enjoy the integrative social functions of alcohol. They are also characterized by their belief and expectation that alcohol has a positive effect on their self-esteem and social assessment. In stressful situations they cope more often avoiding danger, which may be caused by a selective view of reality (negativity). Such people focus primarily on the emotional aspects of threatening factors, and their main activity is to eliminate anxiety and tension. This makes their activity not flexible. For this reason, reality is assessed primarily in terms of losses: Recovery Direct in South Africa

Another type of analysis concerned attitudes towards alcohol, coping and the balance of resources in terms of drinking alcohol and abstinence. On its basis, it can be assumed that abstainers (almost half of the respondents said that they do not drink alcohol at all or consume it occasionally) are characterized by beliefs that drinking alcohol is a sign of weakness, lack of strong will and independence, and causes irritability, fatigue and depressed mood . This may be dictated by the fact that in their repertoire of coping methods they have many other alternative methods of dealing with difficult situations. Alcohol is even an obstacle for them in social contacts. In difficult situations, abstainers can use the social environment in a constructive way, by, among others, combating stress and seeking social support. Their adaptive flexibility may result from the fact that they are aware of the possibility of stressful influence of the environment in which they operate. today

Web Design Suggestions To Increase Your Visitor Engagement

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Learn the skills you need so that you don’t need to outsource the web design needs of your company. While it may seem complicated, it is among the skills on the web that is easy to learn. Implement this advice, and found out how easy it is.

When you are designing a website, it is important to have proper spelling and grammar. In addition to running spell-check on your content, ask a friend or co-worker to proofread everything. Having good spelling and grammar on your website will help give it a professional feel and your visitor will be more likely to return.

Put a tagline on your site. The tagline is some statement or motto that indicates the nature of your business. This will give the visitor a quick first impression of what you’re about – website design service.

Don’t use splash pages for your site unless required by law, and especially don’t use a Flash intro. Most people just want to get to your content as quickly as possible, and don’t care to look at useless splash pages. If you have some amusing content that you absolutely want visitors to see, integrate it into the homepage instead.

Refrain from the overuse of Javascript. For some people visiting your site, Java will cause problems instead of providing improved functionality. There are many different web browsers that people use and they are constantly being updated with new features. Some of your readers are not going to have the most recently updated version of their browser. Keep in mind that not every users keeps JavaScript enabled while they browse. These two things mean that some users won’t be able to use your site.

To help you design a more professional looking site, do not include an image in the page background. A background image screams low quality site, plus these site usually take forever to load. When you are going for a more professional look, the last thing you want is your visitors waiting forever because images are still loading on your pages.

Test your website in the most popular browsers and platforms to make sure that it displays correctly. Sometimes scripts that work in one browser may not produce the same results in another browser. So you may need take extra measures, like adding a function for browser detection, in order to ensure that your website will display properly under most conditions.

To help you design a site that is easy for people to read all the information, make sure the pages are not too wide. If the pages are not too wide then they will fit on most people’s computer screens. If the page is too wide, then part of your valuable information could be left off the page – .

Because coding is used in website design, many people feel it is probably very difficult to do. Use these tips to make the process even easier. Make sure and follow what you have read, then apply it correctly and your design will impress the visitors you are targeting.